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Sebutkan Macam Macam Aplikasi Otomasi

Sebutkan Macam Macam Aplikasi Otomasi - Kemajuan dibidang teknologi terutama pada bidang Elektronika dan teknologi ICT sangat pesat dan ini sangat mempengaruhi kemajuan pada proses produksi di industri, ada tuntutan bagi industri yaitu bekerja cepat, optimnal, jumlah produksi banyak dan ketelitian serta akurasi produk sebagai tuntutan kualitas harus dipenuhi. Untuk memnuhi tuntutan
tersebut tidak mungkin dipenuhi apabila masih mengandalkan kemampuan manual dan menggantungkan produksi dari kerja sumber daya manusia yang memiliki keterbatasan ketahanan bekerja dalam waktu yang lama, kerja malam hari, ketelitian dan kesamaan karakteristik hasil produk. Oleh karena itu sistem otomasi elektronika saat ini berkembang sangat pesat baik dari sisi teknologi, konfigurasi, maupun kapasitas dan kemampuannya. Sistem ini sangat universal dan fleksibel sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan oleh industri kecil sampai dengan industri besar di segala bidang dengan cakupan pemakaiannya sangat luas dan beragam.

Sistem Otomasi Industri dapat diartikan sebagai sistem dengan mekanisme kerja dikendalikan oleh peralatan elektronik (electronic hardware) berdasarkan urutan-urutan perintah dalam bentuk program perangkat lunak (electronic software) yang disimpan di dalam unit memori kontroler elektronik. Dalam membangun sistem otomasi industri antara hardware, software harus menjadi satu kesatuan dan merupakan sekuensial (urutan) pekerjaan atau sering disebut dengan tahapan, yang meliputi pekerjaan tahap pembangunan yaitu suatu industri dipersiapkan sejak awal yang meliputi perencanaan, persiapan, perakitan, instalasi, pemrograman, inspeksi, komisioning. Selanjutnya pekerjaan tahap operasional dimana sistem otomasi industri sudah siap dioperasikan, sehingga perlu pemeliharaan dan jika terjadi kerusakan perlu dilakukan perbaikan.

Oleh karena sistem otomasi industri perkembangan berdasarkan tuntutan kebutuhan sangat tinggi maka sisem otomasi harus senantiasa dikembangkan, sehingga diperlukan pekerjaan tahap pengembangan meliputi perencanaan, persiapan, perakitan, instalasi, pemrograman, inspeksi, komisioning.Otomasi: dapat didefmisikan sebagai teknologi yang berlandaskan pada aplikasi sistem mekanik, elektronik dan komputer. Sering aplikasi otomasi industri dibuat dalam bentuk robot industri, dan robot merupakan komponen utama dalam teknologi otomasi berfungsi sebagai pelaksana pekerjaan yang biasanya dikerjakan oleh buruh, pekerja manusia.

Oleh karena robot merupakan mesin yang dibuat dalam pabrik maka ia memiliki kemampuan dan daya tahan bekerja secara terus-menerus tanpa mengenal lelah. Penempatan robot dalam aplikasi otomasi industri hingga saat ini selalu berkembang, dalam aplikasinya robot industri dibuat mulai dari yang sederhana seperti belt konveyer, mesin pengisi minuman, mesin las otomatis sampai aplikasi robot modern untuk pembuatan mobil, pesawat terbang dan pusat tenaga nuklir. Dengan demikian robot dapat diciptakan untuk menggantikan posisi-posisi pekerja baik dalam bagian produksi dengan program keahlian rendah maupun sebagai pengganti teknisi profesional dengan program keahlian lebih komplek.

Ditinjau dari aplikasinya otomasi dapat dibedakan berdasarkan obyek yang harus diselesaikan, yaitu:

Tipe tetap yaitu mesin otomatis dibuat khusus untuk menyelesaikan pekerjaan produksi tertentu saja, dan tidak drancang untuk meyelesaikam produk lainnya. Pada umumnya mesin otomasi jenis ini digunakan untuk produksi dalam jumlah banyak dan dibutuhkan waktu produksi yang cepat akan tetapi sangat ekonomis biaya produksinya dengan efisiensi yang cukup tinggi.
Tipe semi tetap: mesin dibuat untuk memproduksi atau menangani satu macam produk atau tugas, namun dalam beberapa parameter (ukuran, bentuk dan bagian produk) dapat diatur secara terbatas. Investasi awal termasuk cukup tinggi, karena mesin masih bersifat khusus. Robot yang mandiri termasuk dalam kategori ini.
Tipe fleksibel, mesin dibuat agar dapat digunakan untuk banyak ragam produknya, sistem otomasi lebih bersifat menyeluruh, bagianbagian produk dapat diproduksi pada waktu yang bersamaan. Yang termasuk dalam kategori ini misalnya FMS (Flexible Automation System) dan CIM (Computer Integrated Manufacturing). Robot adalah salah satu pendukung dalam kelompok otomasi ini.

Sistem otomasi tidak bisa lepas dengan sistem pengaturan ataupun sistem pengendalian, dan dalam sistem pengaturan tujuan utamanya adalah mengatur dan mengendalikan nilai output tertentu dari sebuah peralatan sehingga mencapai nilai yang dikehendaki. Peralatan yang dikendalikan disebut dengan Plan, peralatan yang mengatur atau mengendalikan disebut dengan kontroler dan nilai yang ingin dicapai disebut dengan input atau setting point. Besaran yang dikendalikan pada sistem pengaturan diantaranya suhu (temperatur), kecepatan, arus dan tegangan listrik, tekanan dst.

Sebutkan Pengertian Otomasi Industri

Sebutkan Pengertian Otomasi Industri - Otomasi (bahasa Greek berarti belajar sendiri), robotisasi atau otomasi industri atau kontrol numerik merupakan pemanfaatan sistem kontrol seperti halnya komputer yang digunakan untuk mengendalikan mesin-mesin industri dan kontrol proses untuk menggantikan operator tenaga manusia. Industrialisasi itu sendiri merupakan tahapan dalam pelaksanaan mekanisasi, dimana konsep mekanisasi tetap mesin-mesin industri dilakukan manusia sebagai operator dengan menempatkan mesin sebagai pembantunya sesuai dengan permintaan kerja secara fisik, yang jelas terjadi penurunan besar-besaran kebutuhan manusia sebagai sensor begitu juga berkaitan dengan mental kerja.

Otomasi mampu meningkatkan aturan main dalam era ekonomi global dan meningkatkan pengalaman kerja sehari-hari, misal seorang insinyur dapat mengembangkan penggabungan berbagai ragam devais secara otomatisbdan dengan bantuan model matematika dan peralatan pengorganisasi untuk membangun sistem yang sangat kompleks sehingga mempercepat pengembangan aplikasi dan kegiatan manusia.

Walaupun demikian masih banyak pekerjaan yang harus ditangani oleh manusia, bahkan dengan berkembangnya teknologi otomasi memberikan banyak peluang kerja bagi manusia, yang cocok dengan pemanfaat mata manusia untuk pekerjaan presisi dan akurasi, pemanfaatan telinga manusia, bahkan kebutuhan mutlak tenaga manusia untuk mengidentifikasi dan mencium wewangian yang tidak mungkin dilakukan oleh mesin otomatis. Pengenalan patern manusia, pengenalan bahasa dan kemampuan produksi memang seyogyanya dilakukan oleh insinyur di bidang otomasi.

Seorang spesialis harware komputer, pengguna programmable logic controllers (PLCs), sering menerapkan sistem sinkronisasi aliran input dari sensor dan disesuaikan dengan keadaan aliran output untuk menentukan kondisi aktuator. Hal ini berfungsi untuk keperluan aksi kontrol secara presisi, yang memang menjadi keharusan terkait dengan kontrol hampir di semua proses industri. Pengalaman nyata yang sangat menakutkan dunia adalah saat datangnya Y2K bug dimana komputer diprediksi akan mengalami kekacauan, akan tetapi hal itu berjalan terus bahkan banyak temuan baru di bidang komputer sebagai alat kontrol otomaasi industri.

Human-machine interfaces (HMI) atau computer human interfaces (CHI), yang lebih dikenal dengan man-machine interfaces, biasanya digunakan untuk berkomunikasi dengan PLC dan komputer lainnya, seperti entering dan monitoring temperatur atau tekanan untuk kontrol otomatis atau untuk kebutuhan respon terhadap kondisi emergensi.

Orang yang bertugas dalam pelayanan monitor dan kontrol interface tersebut sering disebut dengan operator stasiun. Bentuk lain pemanfaatan komputer dalam bidang otomasi adalah pada perlatan tes otomatis, dimana otomatis kontrol komputer yang digunakan pada peralatan tes diprogram untuk mensimulasikan pekerjaan manusia sebagai penguji dalam tes manual biasanya dalam bentuk aplikasi.

Hal ini sering merupakan bentuk penyelesaian melalui penggunaan peralatan tes otomatis untuk menentukan urutan secara khusus (biasanya ditulis dalam program komputer), dan sekaligus langsung mengendalikan peralatan tes untuk menyelesaikan tugas tes. Sebagai bentuk akhir otomasi adalah dalam bentuk otomasi software, yaitu pemanfaatan komputer sebagai pencatat makro kegiatan harian pekerja (mouse dan keyboard) sebagai makro pemutaraan balik pada waktu yang akan datang.

Dalam operasional otomasi industri tidak jarang ditemui kegagalan, kerusakan atau gangguan yang harus diantisipasi dalam bentuk perawatan dan pemeliharaan disamping layanan prima dalam instalasi dan setup awal penerapan otomasi industri. Dilihat secara hardware dan software sistem otomasi banyak berhubungan dengan komponen elektronik, program komputer, pengukuran, sensor, aktuator dan sistem pengaturan, oleh karena itu seorang pekerja yang memberikan layanan dan penjaminan kualitas terhadap operasional sistem industri harus memiliki kompetensi di bidang tersebut di atas dilandasi teori dasar dan sikap yang profesional.

Mechanism of Urine Formation Process in Nephron Kidney

Mechanism of Urine Formation Process in Nephron Kidney - The kidneys are one of the vital organs inside the human body which is the excretory organs in vertebrates that have a shape like a peanut. The kidneys have a vital function in the human body. The kidneys are part of the urinary system, or urine, the kidneys filter impurities have as its main function is urea from the blood and then throw it out of the body along with the fluid in the form of urine. In the process of the formation of kidney a series of urine. Urine formation process includes 3 phases:

1. Stage filtration

Stage filtration. Stage filtration occurs in Malpighi bodies in which there is a very close glomerulus surrounded by Bowman's capsule. Filtration process: When blood containing water, salt, sugar, urea and other substances and blood cells and protein molecules enter the glomerulus, blood pressure becomes high to encourage water and the components that are not soluble, pore-pass pore glomerular capillary endothelium, except blood cells and protein molecules. Then towards the basement membrane and passes through the filtration plate, coming into the Bowman's capsule. Results of glomerular filtration and Bowman's capsule called the glomerular filtrate or primary urine. The primary urine contains: water, protein, glucose, amino acids, urea and inorganic ions. Glucose, inorganic ions and amino acids required by the body still.

2. Phase re-absorption

Phase re-absorption. Glomerular filtrate or primary urine through a stage that re-absorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule, and loop of Henley. This stage of the process carried out by the epithelial cells throughout the renal tubules. The amount of a substance that is reabsorbed depending on the needs of the body at that time. Reabsorbed substances include: glucose, amino acids, ions Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-, and HbO42-, whereas urea levels become higher. Reabsorption process, first enter the primary urine from the proximal convoluted tubule to glomerulus, then reabsorbed up to start the loop of Henley. Substances that are reabsorbed along the tubule is glucose, Na+ ions, water, and Cl- ions. Arriving in the loop of Henley, the filtrate volume was reduced. The results of this re-absorption stage called secondary urine or tubular filtrate. The content of the secondary urine is water, salt, urea, and bile pigment that gives color and smell function in urine. Secondary urine into the distal convoluted tubule and again absorption of substances which are not used and the excess water is absorbed to form urine.

3. Phase spending substance (augmentation)

Phase Expenditure (Augmentation). Urine distal convoluted tubule secondary to going down to the collecting ducts (tubular kolektivas). Kolektivas tubules, urine was taken to the renal pelvis and into the ureter to the bladder (urinary bladder).

Virginia Henderson Conceptual Model

Virginia Henderson Conceptual Model - Nursing theory is used to construct a model of a concept in nursing, so that the nursing model implies the application of the nursing structure itself the need to study the concept of nursing theory and models that have been there as one of the key in developing the science and practice.

Henderson believes that a text should be a resource for nursing practice also illustrates the definition of nursing. Furthermore, the principles and practice of nursing should be built on the principles of professionalism, as well as derived from the definition of the nursing profession itself.

Nursing concept model described by Virginia Henderson is a concept model of daily activities by providing an overview of the main function of the nurse is to help someone who is healthy/sick in an effort to maintain health or healing or to face death calmly.

In 1995, the first definition of nursing Henderson revision nursing literature published in Bertha Harmer, as follows:

"Nursing is primarily helping either sick or healthy individuals with action - action that contributes to health or healing, or even a death That is driven by the strength, desire, and knowledge. Nursing is a unique contribution is to assist individuals to become independent by providing assistance as needed"

Human Respiratory Equipment

Human Respiratory Equipment - Colds make a stuffy nose. The nose interfere with breathing. As a result we can not breathe with relief. Why so? What is the relationship between nasal congestion and respiratory processes? The nose is one of the breathing apparatus. If our nose is healthy, we can breathe with relief. However, if the nose is blocked, we will be hard to breathe. What does it breathe? What tools are used for breathing?

Breathing is an activity to breathe the air and let out the air. Air containing various gas components, one of which is oxygen (O2). Oxygen is what is needed by the body. Oxygen gets into the body through breathing. Furthermore, respiration produces carbon dioxide (CO2) released from the body. Breathe using breathing devices. What's respiratory devices?

Human respiratory apparatus consists of the nose, throat, and lungs.

1. Nose

The nose is out of the entrance of air breathing. Air enters through the nostrils toward the nasal cavity. The hair found in the nasal cavity of the nose and mucous membranes. Nasal hair and mucus membranes function to filter the incoming air is free from dust and germs. Thus, the air we breathe clean from dirt, dust, germs or disease. On the nose the air also have to adapt the temperature and humidity.

2. Throat (Trakhea)

Air breathing from the nose down to the throat (trakhea). Throat is a channel length of about 9 cm. The throat feathers are fine. Works fine hairs filter the air of impurities can still qualify for the throat. Edge trakhea branched into two parts. The branches are called the bronchi. Right bronchus toward the right lung. Bronchi left into the left lung.

3. Lung

The lungs are in the chest cavity above the diaphragm. Diaphragm is blocked between the chest cavity and abdominal cavity. Lungs were two that is left lung and right lung. Left lung consists of two lobe. The right lung consists of three lobe. Lung packaged by the lining of the lungs called the pleura.

In the lungs there are branches of the bronchi called bronkiolus. Bronkiolus also has ramifications that number very much. The branches are very fine and thin. Every branch tip forming a thin-walled sacs called alveoli. The alveoli are very thin bubble. Bubble wrapped capillary blood vessels. In alveolar gas exchange occurs O2 and CO2.

At the air we breathe to the alveoli, oxygen through blood capillary walls. Oxygen bound to hemoglobin (Hb) blood. After that, blood will circulate oxygen throughout the body. In the body, oxygen is used for the formation of energy. In the process of energy produced and carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 is tied back by blood hemoglobin. After that, the blood will bring CO2 to the lungs. CO2 from the lungs toward the throat, then into the nostrils to be removed from the body.

Breathing/Respiratory Process
Inclusion of O2 and CO2 on respiratory discharge occurred at the sidelines of the respiratory process. These processes are governed by the muscles of the diaphragm and the muscles between the ribs. At the time of the diaphragm muscle to contract gasps. As a result, horizontal diaphragm, chest cavity grows, and the air in the lungs. When the muscles between the ribs to shrink , the lungs fill with air . Muscles between the ribs that causes chest cavity shrinks enlarged and air into the lungs . The process of breathing air entry into the lungs is called inspiration.

At the time of exhale, the diaphragm and the muscles between the ribs muscles slacken. As a result, narrow chest cavity and the lungs deflated until the CO2 in the lungs pushed out. The process is the process of expiration.

Doctoral Training on Organic Food

Examines the historical, cultural, political, economic and geographic food production, consumption and post-consumption. Align with the main focus of concentration feeding studies how individuals, communities and societies related to food in a cultural and historical context. The program offers students the opportunity to study a wide range of topics such as:

Science and Food Technology
Food and Culture
Epidemiology
Marketing
Nutrition
Health policy

Students will also work closely with an advisor to choose the right combination of choices to complement individual interests and career paths to choose and experience abroad in one of New York University Global Sites.

Careers: Global Public Health Food Studies major New York University prepares students to enter a variety of careers in:

advocacy
policy
agriculture
food production
public relations
development
advanced public health
food studies
or other related fields university education

New York University World Institute for Public Health

The NYU Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH) crosses disciplinary boundaries to address the problems of the most pressing health of the planet. Drawing resources between schools NYU, the Institute offers a truly interdisciplinary education of public health bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees.

The Institute also supports advanced and collaborative research on public health issues worldwide. The GIPH relies on the global reach of the University of unique global network of NYU, draws its strength from the entrepreneurial spirit of many talented teachers and students of NYU, and serves as a conduit for advanced research and education that promotes equitable health for all.

Majors requiring highly selective undergraduate global health (GIPH) allow students to choose a study program which is a combination of public health and an academic discipline or professional field housed in one of (04) four schools of New York University:

College of Arts and Sciences
College of Nursing
School of Social Work
Steinhardt School of Culture
Education and Human Development

Public health combined with other Majors

Global public health is not a major stand-alone, but rather, students from different majors combined benefit of instructors, counselors and courses in both their home school and the whole of University.

The unique structure responds to the growing demand for interdisciplinary practitioners of public health, both in the U.S. and abroad.

The curriculum is combined with experiential learning and study away requirements to ensure that students are extensively trained and prepared only for a variety of careers. Students take courses in their chosen field in Steinhardt, the exact number of different courses by major.

Students complete their courses with choice to global public health and/or major field Steinhardt (chosen in consultation with an advisor) to complete individual interests and career paths and study a foreign language.

Fertilization and Pregnancy

Fertilization and Pregnancy - Fertilisation is the fusion of sperm and ovum. Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube. When fertilization takes place, only the sperm head that contains the cell nucleus into the egg cell wall, while the tail is left outside.

The incorporation of the sperm and ovum to form a zygote. Formed zygote moves toward the uterus while splitting into two, four, eight, and so on, by the time the embryo reaches 32 cells and has a shape like strawberries, is called a morula.

Furthermore, morula develops into a blastula. Then, the cells will form a part of the fetus (embrioblas), and the outer cells form the trophoblast that will form the placenta. On the sixth day, the embryo arrives in the uterus, then immerse yourself into the wall of the uterus is soft, thick, and creamy and contains secret like milk. The process of embryo attachment to the cell wall is called implantation. The embryo continues to grow and develop fully human form, meaning the pregnancy is ongoing.

Fertilization is the process of joining a spermatozoon and an ovum to form a zygote. Ova, also known as egg cells, are the haploid female gametes produced by the ovaries in the female reproductive system. At around the 14th day of the menstrual cycle, female sex hormones trigger the release of a mature ovum from one of the ovaries. The finger-like fimbriae of the Fallopian tubes sweep the surface of the ovaries to collect the ovum and place it into the hollow Fallopian tube. Once inside the Fallopian tube, the ovum is carried toward the uterus by many beating cilia in the lining of the tube and by peristaltic contractions of the tube.

How does the menstruation?

The menstrual cycle. How does the menstruation? After the egg is cooked ovulation will occur. Ovum will be arrested fimbriae infundi-bulum. If the egg is fertilized, there will be a pregnancy. However, if fertilization does not occur, menstruation will occur. Menstruation occurs every month and form a menstrual cycle length of approximately 28 days. 14 days of preparation for ovulation and endometrial preparation 14 days to receive a fertilized ovum.

At the end of the menstrual cycle, the hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin hormone (FSH-RH) to stimulate the anterior hipofisi secrete FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone). At the beginning of the next cycle, on day 14, the follicle will continue its development (oogenesis) is influenced by the hormone FSH. Once formed DeGraaf follicle (mature follicle) and produce the hormone estrogen. This developmental period is called follicular phase.

The hormone estrogen stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete LH and FSH in inhibiting the formation of pituitary hormones. LH acts to stimulate ovulation, usually on day 14 of the menstrual cycle. Around the time of ovulation is called the estrus phase. LH also stimulates the empty follicle to form the corpus luteum.

The corpus luteum produces progesterone which serves to prepare the uterus to be occupied by embryo if fertilization occurs. This phase is called the luteal phase. Progesterone also serves to inhibit the formation of LH and FSH.

If fertilization does not occur, progesterone production begins to decline at day 26, the corpus luteum will shrink, eventually disappearing. This causes the lining of the endometrium shed at day 28. As a result, the so-called menstrual bleeding. Generally, menstruation occurs during one week. Then, the cell walls recovered, FSH is produced again and the cycle begins again.