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Mechanism of Urine Formation Process in Nephron Kidney

Mechanism of Urine Formation Process in Nephron Kidney - The kidneys are one of the vital organs inside the human body which is the excretory organs in vertebrates that have a shape like a peanut. The kidneys have a vital function in the human body. The kidneys are part of the urinary system, or urine, the kidneys filter impurities have as its main function is urea from the blood and then throw it out of the body along with the fluid in the form of urine. In the process of the formation of kidney a series of urine. Urine formation process includes 3 phases:

1. Stage filtration

Stage filtration. Stage filtration occurs in Malpighi bodies in which there is a very close glomerulus surrounded by Bowman's capsule. Filtration process: When blood containing water, salt, sugar, urea and other substances and blood cells and protein molecules enter the glomerulus, blood pressure becomes high to encourage water and the components that are not soluble, pore-pass pore glomerular capillary endothelium, except blood cells and protein molecules. Then towards the basement membrane and passes through the filtration plate, coming into the Bowman's capsule. Results of glomerular filtration and Bowman's capsule called the glomerular filtrate or primary urine. The primary urine contains: water, protein, glucose, amino acids, urea and inorganic ions. Glucose, inorganic ions and amino acids required by the body still.

2. Phase re-absorption

Phase re-absorption. Glomerular filtrate or primary urine through a stage that re-absorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule, and loop of Henley. This stage of the process carried out by the epithelial cells throughout the renal tubules. The amount of a substance that is reabsorbed depending on the needs of the body at that time. Reabsorbed substances include: glucose, amino acids, ions Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-, and HbO42-, whereas urea levels become higher. Reabsorption process, first enter the primary urine from the proximal convoluted tubule to glomerulus, then reabsorbed up to start the loop of Henley. Substances that are reabsorbed along the tubule is glucose, Na+ ions, water, and Cl- ions. Arriving in the loop of Henley, the filtrate volume was reduced. The results of this re-absorption stage called secondary urine or tubular filtrate. The content of the secondary urine is water, salt, urea, and bile pigment that gives color and smell function in urine. Secondary urine into the distal convoluted tubule and again absorption of substances which are not used and the excess water is absorbed to form urine.

3. Phase spending substance (augmentation)

Phase Expenditure (Augmentation). Urine distal convoluted tubule secondary to going down to the collecting ducts (tubular kolektivas). Kolektivas tubules, urine was taken to the renal pelvis and into the ureter to the bladder (urinary bladder).

Virginia Henderson Conceptual Model

Virginia Henderson Conceptual Model - Nursing theory is used to construct a model of a concept in nursing, so that the nursing model implies the application of the nursing structure itself the need to study the concept of nursing theory and models that have been there as one of the key in developing the science and practice.

Henderson believes that a text should be a resource for nursing practice also illustrates the definition of nursing. Furthermore, the principles and practice of nursing should be built on the principles of professionalism, as well as derived from the definition of the nursing profession itself.

Nursing concept model described by Virginia Henderson is a concept model of daily activities by providing an overview of the main function of the nurse is to help someone who is healthy/sick in an effort to maintain health or healing or to face death calmly.

In 1995, the first definition of nursing Henderson revision nursing literature published in Bertha Harmer, as follows:

"Nursing is primarily helping either sick or healthy individuals with action - action that contributes to health or healing, or even a death That is driven by the strength, desire, and knowledge. Nursing is a unique contribution is to assist individuals to become independent by providing assistance as needed"

Specifications of The BMW M5 Edition 30th Anniversary Unfold

Specifications of The BMW M5 Edition 30th Anniversary Unfold - Dreadful news hit the German car manufacturer, BMW. Instead of preparing something special, the principal conceded about the 30th anniversary BMW M5 specifications that have been leaked to the web ahead of its debut later this year.

Look outside this M5 is so identical. M5 edition 30th anniversary distinguished by exterior color Dark Frozen Silver Metallic with dark chrome accents and 20 -inch alloy wheels wrapped in jet black color.

Interior changes are limited but will also include applications Merino leather and Alcantara upholstery, steering wheel is also wrapped in Alcantara and aluminum trim darker shades. This model will also be pinned emblem 30th birthday on the seats and dashboard.

In addition to leaks styles, the BMW M5 's 30th anniversary will be equipped with a competition package that includes sporty suspension, revision M Dynamic mode and black chrome exhaust hole.

Beneath the bonnet pinned twin- turbo 4.4 -liter V8 that has been received for the development of spewing power of 600 PS and a torque of 700 Nm. This number means a larger 40 PS and 20 Nm of torque is also increased compared to the standard M5. Engine will reportedly be connected to the M double-clutch transmission with seven-speed that allows the sedan to accelerate from 0-100 km / h in less than 4.4 seconds.

As information, the BMW M5 edition 30th anniversary will be displayed at the Goodwood Festival of Speed and the speculation above will be proven correct when the car was unveiled at the M Festival ( festival BMW M series ) next month.

How to Kidney Checkup of Patient?

How to Kidney Checkup of Patient? - Kidney checkup in patients should be done with careful, because the kidney is one of the vital organs in humans. Here's how to check kidney of patients:

Kidney checkup performed with the patient lying down.
Put your left hand behind the patient, parallel to costa 12, with your fingertips touching the corner costovertebra. Pick up and try to push forward kidneys.
Put your hands gently on the upper right quadrant, adjacent to and parallel to the lateral rectus muscle. Ask the patient to breathe deeply.
During the peak of inspiration, press your right hand deep into the upper right quadrant, under the arch of the costa, and try to "catch" the kidney between your hands.
Ask the patient to breathe and hold your breath. Slowly release the pressure of your right hand, and feel how the kidneys will return to the position at the time of expiration. If the kidney is palpable, specify its size and presence/absence of tenderness.
For examination of the left kidney, move to the left side of the patient. Use your right hand to hold and lift from the rear, and the left hand to touch the upper left quadrant. Make checks such as the examination of the right kidney. Normal left kidney rarely palpable.

Two Simple Tests To Check for Kidney Disease

More than 26 million Americans-one in nine adults-have kidney disease. Millions more are at increased risk for getting it, and most don't know it. Kidney disease can be found and treated early to prevent more serious kidney disease and other complications.

The National Kidney Foundation (NKF) recommends two simple tests to check for kidney disease:

Urinalysis. A urinalysis is a test that checks a sample of your urine for the amount of protein, blood (red blood cells and white blood cells) and other things. Protein and red and white blood cells are not normally found in the urine, so having too much of any of these may mean kidney disease. Having protein in the urine is one of the earliest signs of kidney disease especially in people with diabetes. Several other tests can be done to check for protein in urine. One of the tests is called the protein to creatinine ratio. It is the most accurate way to measure protein in the urine. A value of 200 mg/gm or less per day is normal. A value higher than 200 mg/gm is too high. Another test, called the albumin to creatinine ratio, is good for people at increased risk for kidney disease — people with diabetes, high blood pressure, or family history of diabetes, high blood pressure or kidney failure. A value of less than 30 mg/gm per day is normal for the albumin to creatinine ratio; a value of 30 mg/gm per day or higher is high and may be a sign of early kidney disease. With either of these tests, you don't need to collect a 24-hour urine sample, which may be hard to collect. For more on albumin in the urine read on http://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/albuminuria.cfm.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR). GFR is estimated from results of a serum (or blood)creatinine test. The GFR tells how well your kidneys are working to remove wastes from your blood. It is the best way to check kidney function. A serum (or blood) creatinine test alone should not be used to check kidney function. GFR is calculated using the serum creatinine and other factors such as age and gender. In the early stages of kidney disease GFR may be normal. A value of 60 or higher is normal (GFR decreases with age). A GFR number of less than 60 is low and may mean that you have kidney disease. Check with your doctor about having the GFR test. If you are at increased risk for kidney disease (have diabetes, high blood pressure, or family history of diabetes, high blood pressure or kidney failure), you should find out if you have kidney disease. Ask your doctor about these two simple tests. They should be done at least once a year so that if you have early kidney disease, it can be treated right away. Early kidney disease can and should be treated to keep it from getting worse! To learn more about GFR read on http://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/gfr.cfm.

Various kinds of Respiratory Diseases

Various kinds of Respiratory Diseases - Respiratory process can be interrupted if there is a respiratory disorder. The disorder can be caused by germs and air pollution . Some disorders and diseases of the respiratory apparatus as follows:

Influenza (flu) is a disease caused by a virus. People who are stricken with flu will have a fever, chills, cough, headache, sneezing, and back pain. Mucus from the nose to close the nostrils unobstructed so that air entering and interfere with breathing.
Shortness of breath is a breathing disorder because the air is polluted by smoke. Smoke can come from burning trash, motor vehicles, and cigarettes. In addition to the smoke, dust can also lead to shortness of breath.
Asthma is respiratory distress due to airway narrowing. Narrowing of the respiratory tract may occur due to the following: 1) The air is polluted by smoke and dust. 2) The air is too cold. 3) mental state of the patient, for example, stress and emotional distress.
Pneumonia due to Tuberculosis bacteria. Inflammation is caused by bacteria commonly called pulmonary tuberculosis. 1) Bronchitis is an inflammation of the trachea (bronchi). 2) A polyp is a narrowing of the airway due to swelling of lymph nodes.

Disorders of the respiratory devices can interfere with daily activities. Therefore, we must maintain respiratory health by living a healthy habit! The healthy lifestyle including the following:

Exercise regularly
Keeping the air circulating in the house
Eating healthy foods and a nutritionally balanced
Regular breaks
Wearing a mask while driving
Do not smoke.

The danger Smoking For Humans
200 Cigarettes contain ingredients harmful to health. The main toxins in cigarettes are tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide.

Tar is a substance that is sticky and stick to the lungs
Nicotine is a substance that affects the nerves and blood circulation. These substances can lead to lung cancer
Carbon monoxide is a substance that makes the blood is not able to bind oxygen

Cigarettes have toxic effects that make the smoker experienced a 14 times greater risk of suffering from cancer.

Human Respiratory Equipment

Human Respiratory Equipment - Colds make a stuffy nose. The nose interfere with breathing. As a result we can not breathe with relief. Why so? What is the relationship between nasal congestion and respiratory processes? The nose is one of the breathing apparatus. If our nose is healthy, we can breathe with relief. However, if the nose is blocked, we will be hard to breathe. What does it breathe? What tools are used for breathing?

Breathing is an activity to breathe the air and let out the air. Air containing various gas components, one of which is oxygen (O2). Oxygen is what is needed by the body. Oxygen gets into the body through breathing. Furthermore, respiration produces carbon dioxide (CO2) released from the body. Breathe using breathing devices. What's respiratory devices?

Human respiratory apparatus consists of the nose, throat, and lungs.

1. Nose

The nose is out of the entrance of air breathing. Air enters through the nostrils toward the nasal cavity. The hair found in the nasal cavity of the nose and mucous membranes. Nasal hair and mucus membranes function to filter the incoming air is free from dust and germs. Thus, the air we breathe clean from dirt, dust, germs or disease. On the nose the air also have to adapt the temperature and humidity.

2. Throat (Trakhea)

Air breathing from the nose down to the throat (trakhea). Throat is a channel length of about 9 cm. The throat feathers are fine. Works fine hairs filter the air of impurities can still qualify for the throat. Edge trakhea branched into two parts. The branches are called the bronchi. Right bronchus toward the right lung. Bronchi left into the left lung.

3. Lung

The lungs are in the chest cavity above the diaphragm. Diaphragm is blocked between the chest cavity and abdominal cavity. Lungs were two that is left lung and right lung. Left lung consists of two lobe. The right lung consists of three lobe. Lung packaged by the lining of the lungs called the pleura.

In the lungs there are branches of the bronchi called bronkiolus. Bronkiolus also has ramifications that number very much. The branches are very fine and thin. Every branch tip forming a thin-walled sacs called alveoli. The alveoli are very thin bubble. Bubble wrapped capillary blood vessels. In alveolar gas exchange occurs O2 and CO2.

At the air we breathe to the alveoli, oxygen through blood capillary walls. Oxygen bound to hemoglobin (Hb) blood. After that, blood will circulate oxygen throughout the body. In the body, oxygen is used for the formation of energy. In the process of energy produced and carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 is tied back by blood hemoglobin. After that, the blood will bring CO2 to the lungs. CO2 from the lungs toward the throat, then into the nostrils to be removed from the body.

Breathing/Respiratory Process
Inclusion of O2 and CO2 on respiratory discharge occurred at the sidelines of the respiratory process. These processes are governed by the muscles of the diaphragm and the muscles between the ribs. At the time of the diaphragm muscle to contract gasps. As a result, horizontal diaphragm, chest cavity grows, and the air in the lungs. When the muscles between the ribs to shrink , the lungs fill with air . Muscles between the ribs that causes chest cavity shrinks enlarged and air into the lungs . The process of breathing air entry into the lungs is called inspiration.

At the time of exhale, the diaphragm and the muscles between the ribs muscles slacken. As a result, narrow chest cavity and the lungs deflated until the CO2 in the lungs pushed out. The process is the process of expiration.

Furosemide Side Effects

Furosemide Side Effects - Furosemide or ' water pill ', is a drug used to reduce swelling/edema and fluid retention caused by various medical problems, including heart or liver disease.
Furosemide is also used for treatment of high blood pressure/hypertension.

Furosemide How it WorksFurosemide works by blocking the absorption of salt and fluid in the kidney tubules, causing an increase in the amount of urine that is excreted. Diuretic effect of furosemide can cause depletion of body fluids and electrolytes in the body.

Indications Furosemide
Furosemide tablets are indicated in adults and children for the treatment of edema associated with congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and renal disease, including nephritic syndrome. Furosemide tablets are also used in adults for the treatment of hypertension.

Furosemide Side Effects
Furosemide cause the following side effects: anemia, abnormal sensation of the skin, bladder spasms, blurred vision, constipation/constipation, cramps, dizziness, fever, mouth and stomach irritation, redness, slight jaundice, muscle cramps, ear buzzing, photosensitivity, vein inflammation, nausea, jaundice. Usually the maximum urinary frequency up to six hours after the first dose, and will decrease after taking furosemide within a few weeks.

Contraindications FurosemideIn patients with hepatic cirrhosis and ascites, furosemide therapy is best. But excessive diuretics can cause dehydration and decreased circulating blood volume and may also occur thrombosis and embolism, which especially in the elderly patients. Due to the absence of an effective diuretic, electrolyte depletion may occur during furosemide therapy, especially in patients receiving high doses. All patients receiving furosemide therapy should be observed for signs/symptoms/electrolyte imbalance (hyponatremia, hypochloremic alkalosis, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia):

dry mouth
thirst
weakness
lethargi
rapid fatigue
muscle aches
fatigue
hypotension
anymore.

The increase in the blood sugar should also be observed, therefore patients with a history of DM should tell the doctor.

Indications for Patients

Patients should be informed about the side effects of furosemide above.
For drug injection, if it has changed colors and broken vial cap drug should not be used anymore.
Keep medications out of the reach of children and pets.
If you forgot to take the medicine, immediately taking the medication as soon as possible when recalled. But if it's time for the next dose, the drug had forgotten not only need to be taken and continued to take his medication schedule. And do not take two drugs at the same time for a missed dose.
Furosemide is a liquid preparation should not be used again after 60 days.
Ensure that patients can use in the injection of furosemide alone.
Reminding patients not to raise their own dose or stop taking the medication without consulting your doctor to inform the patient that after taking the drug, the patient will often urinate, so do not take medication when going to sleep or move because it can interfere.

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